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Yihya Yitzhak Halevi
Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi, son of Moshe (Musa) Yitzḥak Halevi (Hebrew: יחיא יצחק הלוי also commonly known as ''Mori'' Yiḥya Yitzḥak from the house of Yitzḥak Halevi) (1867 – 1932), was a Yemeni born rabbinical scholar who served as one of the last great scholars and chief jurists of the rabbinic court at Ṣan‘ā’, which post he held for nearly thirty years,〔Amram Qorah, ''Sa‘arat Teman'' (2nd edition), Jerusalem 1988, pp. 62-68 (Hebrew)〕 a time interrupted only during the siege laid to the city (Dec. 1904—Jan. 1906) by loyal Yemeni forces under Imām Yaḥyā Ḥamīd ad-Dīn (1904—1948) in their bid to oust the Ottoman Turks who then controlled the city. The Rabbi, meanwhile, had fled with his family to Dhamar.〔Shalom 'Uzayri, ''Galei-Or'', Tel-Aviv 1974 (Hebrew), p. 11〕
== Biography ==
Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi was born in Ṣan‘ā’, the eldest of ten children born unto Musa Yitzḥak, a tanner of hides by profession, and a descendant of one of the city's more illustrious Jewish families.〔Yehiel Hibshush, ''Shənei Ha-Me'oroth'', Tel-Aviv 1987, p. 13 (Hebrew)〕 Yiḥya Yitzḥak received his early education from his maternal grandfather, the Rabbi and ''kabbalist'' Shalom Mansura, and was already knowledgeable in the laws of ritual slaughtering at the early age of eleven.〔Yehiel Hibshush, ''Shənei Ha-Me'oroth'', Tel-Aviv 1987, p. 15 (Hebrew)〕 In 1880, at the age of thirteen, he began to study the Talmud and the legal writings of the ''poskim'', with other boys his own age, in the house of his grandfather, the said Rabbi Mansura, until his grandfather's death in 1883.〔''Zekhor Le'Avraham'', Shelomo al-Naddaf, Jerusalem 1992, p. 11 (Hebrew). Rabbi Avraham al-Naddaf relates in his autobiography that these lessons started in the early hours of the morning and continued until noon, and again, at night, from a little past midnight, while occasionally, they'd commence their studies at dusk.〕 Afterwards, he studied under the prominent scholars in the famous Maharitz synagogue in Ṣan‘ā’. The synagogue served at that time as the city's chief seat of learning.〔A description of the Saleh Synagogue in Sana'a in ''circa'' 1914 CE, is brought down in the book, ''Galei-Or'', by Shalom 'Uzayri (Tel-Aviv 1974): "…Further along, (find ) the synagogue of the Saleh family, under the proprietorship of the elder, Avraham Sadoq and sons, a blessed family of () Rabbis. This synagogue is situate in the centre of town, is large and is within close proximity to all the town's inhabitants from every side. This () has become like some large spiritual centre, where daily are gathered unto it in the morning hours, after the () meal, the great men who are Rabbis, being free from their labours and remaining () until noon time, carrying on between themselves a discourse in the matters of the Law, from that which comes unto them by anyone who happens to have a question concerning () business affairs, or the things touching upon one's neighbour, whether (which has come unto them ) in writing or verbally; prohibited matters, as well as those things permitted, and all matters touching the community at large, as well as individuals. This () is () the threshing floor of the Divine Law, () a wide threshing floor, () the clusters of the Law enlighten the eyes! This is the largest seat of learning. From the first day of the week until the fifth day of the week, the doors of () academy are opened unto all who seek or ask (instruction ), and of course, all this is () without the stipulation of receiving (return some ) recompense – everything is () for the sake of heaven!"〕 In the evenings, he would continue his studies in the ''midrashic'' school belonging to the great teacher, Rabbi Ḥayim Qoraḥ (d. 1914), where they studied ''Ein Yaakov'' and the ''Shulchan Arukh'' and their respective commentaries.
Around the age of seventeen he married his first wife, Saadah Khamri, who died shortly thereafter, after she had given birth to five children (two sons and three daughters), two of whom died in their youth. One of his two sons, Shalom Yitzḥak Halevi (b. 1891), immigrated to Israel in 1923 and became the Chief Rabbi of the Yemenite Jewish community in Tel-Aviv/Jaffa (1925 – 1961), serving also as the Av Beit-Din in a rabbinic court (1925 – 1956) in Tel-Aviv, and was an active member of the Chief Rabbinate Council in Jerusalem for nearly forty years.〔Yehiel Hibshush, ''Shənei Ha-Me'oroth'', Tel-Aviv 1987, pp. 13; 15; 18 (Hebrew)〕 Yiḥya, not willing to remain a widower, took in marriage a second wife, Rumiyyah, the daughter of Suleiman Hibshush, by whom he had other children. As most scholars of his generation, he was trained in the laws of ritual slaughter of livestock such as prescribed in Jewish law and when later tasked with the public affairs and oversight of the community, he would ordain qualified ritual slaughterers of domesticated animals throughout the country, and periodically inspected them.
He was the scion of a prominent rabbinic family, the Sasson Halevi family, who came to Yemen from Iraq prior to the time of Muhammad.〔Hayim Hibshush, ''Masa'ot Hibshush'' (Travels in Yemen), Jerusalem 1983, p. 353. (to Ḥayim Ḥibshush, the Yitzhak Halevi family is one of the earliest known Jewish families to have settled in Yemen, as he mentions the great ancestor of this family, Sassoon Halevi, who came from Iraq (Babylonia) and went into Yemen shortly before the advent of Islam, along with four other principal Jewish families, al-Bishārī, al-Futayḥī, al-‘Uzayrī and al-Marḥabī. The Ḥibshush family is said to have been originally known by the surname al-Futayḥī ).〕
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